There are 194083 days 22 hours left before the clock used by APFS itself expires on Jat 23:34:33 Greenwich Mean Time. In non-sparse file systems, the file space must be reserved in advance, even when no data is ready to be stored.APFS is designed to accommodate the use of solid-state drive storage across Apple's product line and address shortcomings of the long-used HFS Plus (Mac OS Extended) drive format, such as the 2040 date limit. Sparse Files: This more efficient way of allocating file space allows file space to grow only when needed.This ensures that if for any reason - such as a power failure or CPU hiccup - the write isn't completed, the original file remains intact.

Not until the copy process is complete is the file system updated to point to the new data. Using rename as an example, the file that is about to be renamed is copied with the new data (the file name).

Atomic Safe-Save: This is similar to the idea of copy-on-write but applies to any file operation, such as renaming or moving a file or directory.

Only after the write is completed is the file information updated to point to the latest data. Once a change is requested (write), a new unique copy is made, ensuring the original is left intact.

Copy-On-Write: This data protection scheme allows data structures to be shared as long as no change is made.

Space sharing allows multiple volumes on a drive to grow and shrink dynamically as needed, without any need to repartition. Instead, all volumes share the underlying free space on a drive.

Space Sharing: Space sharing puts an end to predefining partition sizes.

Multi-key, with per-file keys for both data and metadata.

Encryption: APFS supports strong full disk encryption using AES-XTS or AES-CBC modes.

As time goes by and changes are made to the original volume, the snapshot is updated with only the changes that occur.

A new snapshot takes up no real space, other than the amount of space needed to store a pointer to the original volume. Snapshots are read-only pointers to the original volume and its data. Snapshots facilitate efficient backups and allow you to go back to how things were at a particular point in time.

Snapshots: APFS can create a volume snapshot that represents a point in time.This not only makes file copying and saving exceptionally fast but also saves on storage space needs. Make changes to one file, and only the block of data that has changed is written to the new clone, while both the original and the clone continue to share unchanged blocks of data. Instead of copying a file bit by bit from one location to another, clones instead reference the original file, sharing the blocks of data that are identical between the two files. Clones: Clones allow almost instantaneous file copies without using additional space.

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